Thus began a troubled toddler’s journey from one doctor to another, from one diagnosis to another, involving even more drugs.Autism,bipolar disorder,hyperactivity,insomnia,oppositional defiant disorder. The boy’s daily pill regimen multiplied: the antipsychotic Risperdal, the antidepressantProzac, two sleeping medicines and one for attention-deficit disorder. All by the time he was 3.
He was sedated,droolingand overweight fromthe side effectsof the antipsychotic medicine. Although his mother, Brandy Warren, had been at her“wit’s end” when she resorted to the drug treatment, she began to worry about Kyle’s altered personality.“All I had was a medicated little boy,” Ms. Warren said.“I didn’t have my son. It’s like, you’d look into his eyes and you would just see just blankness.”
Today, 6-year-old Kyle is in his fourth week of first grade, scoring high marks on his first tests. He is rambunctious and much thinner. Weaned off the drugs through a program affiliated withTulane Universitythat is aimed at helping low-income families whose children havemental healthproblems, Kyle now laughs easily and teases his family.
Ms. Warren and Kyle’s new doctors point to his remarkable progress— and a more common diagnosis for children of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder— as proof that he should have never been prescribed such powerful drugs in the first place.
Kyle now takes one drug, Vyvanse, for his attention deficit. His mother shared his medical records to help document a public glimpse into a trend that some psychiatric experts say they are finding increasingly worrisome: ready prescription-writing by doctors of more potent drugs to treat extremely young children, even infants, whose conditions rarely require such measures.
More than 500,000 children and adolescents in America are now taking antipsychotic drugs, according to a September 2009 report by theFood and Drug Administration. Their use is growing not only among older teenagers, whenschizophreniais believed to emerge, but also among tens of thousands of preschoolers.
AColumbia University studyrecently found a doubling of the rate of prescribing antipsychotic drugs for privately insured 2- to 5-year-olds from 2000 to 2007. Only 40 percent of them had received a proper mental health assessment, violating practice standards from the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
“There are too many children getting on too many of these drugs too soon,” Dr. Mark Olfson, professor of clinicalpsychiatryand lead researcher in the government-financed study, said.
Such radical treatments are indeed needed, some doctors and experts say, to help young children with severe problems stay safe and in school or day care. In 2006, the F.D.A. did approve treating children as young as 5 with Risperdal if they had autistic disorder and aggressive behavior, self-injury tendencies, tantrums or severe mood swings. Two other drugs, Seroquel fromAstraZenecaand Abilify fromBristol-Myers Squibb, are permitted for youths 10 or older with bipolar disorder.
But many doctors say prescribing them for younger and younger children may pose grave risks to development of both their fast-growing brains and their bodies. Doctors can legally prescribe them for off-label use, including in preschoolers, even though research has not shown them to be safe or effective for children. Boys are far more likely to be medicated than girls.
Dr. Ben Vitiello, chief of child and adolescent treatment and preventive research at the National Institute of Mental Health, says conditions in young children are extremely difficult to diagnose properly because of their emotional variability.“This is a recent phenomenon, in large part driven by the misperception that these agents are safe and well tolerated,” he said.
Even the most reluctant prescribers encounter a marketing juggernaut that has made antipsychotics the nation’s top-selling class of drugs by revenue, $14.6 billion last year, with prominent promotions aimed at treating children. In the waiting room of Kyle’s original child psychiatrist, children played with Legos stamped with the word Risperdal, made byJohnson&Johnson. It has since lost its patent on the drug and stopped handing out the toys.
Greg Panico, a company spokesman, said the Legos were not intended for children to play with— only as a promotional item.
Cheaper to Medicate
Dr. Lawrence L. Greenhill, president of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, concerned about the lack of research, has recommended a national registry to track preschoolers on antipsychotic drugs for the next 10 years.“Psychotherapy is the key to the treatment ofpreschoolchildren with severe mental disorders, and antipsychotics are adjunctive therapy— not the other way around,” he said.
But it is cheaper to medicate children than to pay for family counseling, a fact highlighted by aRutgers University studylast year that found children from low-income families, like Kyle, were four times as likely as the privately insured to receive antipsychotic medicines.
TexasMedicaiddata obtained by The New York Times showed a record $96 million was spent last year on antipsychotic drugs for teenagers and children— including three unidentified infants who were given the drugs before their first birthdays.
In addition,foster carechildren seem to be medicated more often, prompting a Senate panel in June to ask theGovernment Accountability Officeto investigate such practices.
In the last few years, doctors’ concerns have led some states, like Florida and California, to put in place restrictions on doctors who want to prescribe antipsychotics for young children, requiring a second opinion or prior approval, especially for those on Medicaid. Some states now report thatprescriptionsare declining as a result.
A study released in July by 16 state Medicaid medical directors, which once had the working title“Too Many, Too Much, Too Young,” recommended that more states require second opinions, outside consultation or other methods to assure proper prescriptions. The F.D.A. has also strengthened warnings about using some of these drugs in treating children.
No Medical Reason
Kyle was rescued from his medicated state through a therapy program calledEarly Childhood Supports and Services, established in Louisiana through a confluence of like-minded childpsychiatristsat Tulane, Louisiana State University and the state. It surrounds troubled children and their parents with social and mental health support services.
Dr. Mary Margaret Gleason, a professor ofpediatricsand child psychiatry at Tulane who treated Kyle from ages 3 to 5 as he was weaned off the heavy medications, said there was no valid medical reason to give antipsychotic drugs to the boy, or virtually any other 2-year-old.“It’s disturbing,” she said.
Dr. Gleason says Kyle’s current status proves he probably never had bipolar disorder, autism orpsychosis. His doctors now say Kyle’s tantrums arose from family turmoil and language delays, not any of the diagnoses used to justify antipsychotics.
“I will never, ever let my children be put on these drugs again,” said Ms. Warren, 28,chokingback tears.“I didn’t realize what I was doing.”
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